The first of January ushers in a new year, a new month and new entries to the list of works in the public domain. While 2024 saw many popular intellectual properties lose copyright protection — notably the first iteration of Mickey Mouse — 2025 is not without its fair share of noteworthy additions. As of Jan. 1, 2025, several iconic books and characters are now freely available for public use, from Ernest Hemingway’s “A Farewell to Arms” to the original Popeye.

List of popular intellectual property entering the public domain in 2025

Works from 1929 and sound recordings from 1924 are now open to all in the U.S. This means all books, films, songs and art published throughout the Roaring 20s are without copyright protection, making 2025 a significant year for the public domain.

Here are some of the most notable works that are newly free to use.

• “A Farewell to Arms,” by Ernest Hemingway
• “The Sound and the Fury,” by William Faulkner
• “Seven Dials Mystery,” by Agatha Christie
• The first English version of “All Quiet on the Western Front” by Erich Maria Remarque, translated by Arthur Wesley Wheen
• “Rope,” by Patrick Hamilton
• “The Karnival Kid,” Mickey Mouse’s first talking appearance and the debut of his signature white gloves, along with 11 other Mickey shorts
• “The Cocoanuts,” the Marx Brothers’ first feature film, directed by Robert Florey and Joseph Santley
• “The Skeleton Dance,” Disney’s first “Silly Symphony” short, directed by Walt Disney and animated by Ub Iwerks
• “Blackmail,” directed by Alfred Hitchcock, his first sound film
• “Hallelujah,” directed by King Vidor, considered to be one of the first major studio films to feature an all-Black cast
• The character of Popeye by E. C. Segar as he appeared in the “Thimble Theatre” comic strip “Gobs of Work”
• The character of Tintin by Hergé as he appeared in the Le Petit Vingtième magazine comic strip “Les Aventures de Tintin”
• “Singin’ in the Rain,” music by Nacio Herb Brown, lyrics by Arthur Freed
• “An American in Paris,” composed by George Gershwin
• “Tiptoe Through the Tulips,” music by Joseph Burke, lyrics by Alfred Dubin

What does “public domain” mean, exactly?

When a work is in the public domain, it has no copyright protection, meaning anyone can use and build upon it at leisure.

“No fees, no licenses, no tracking down the person who owns it, no permission,” Jennifer Jenkins, director of Duke University’s Center for the Study of the Public Domain, told CBS News’ Lee Cowan in 2024.

How does the public domain work?

Copyright protects an original work for a finite amount of time. When this protection expires, the work enters the public domain. The founding fathers wrote this concept into the U.S. Constitution under the intellectual property clause, intended “to promote the progress of science and useful arts.”

However, the laws governing the public domain can be tricky. For example: Although Mickey Mouse returned to the people in 2024, this classification only applied to his first appearance in 1928’s “Steamboat Willie.” It was not until 1929 that Mickey began wearing white gloves, meaning any public reinterpretation showcasing this characteristic could have been liable for copyright infringement until this year.

When does intellectual property enter the public domain?

In the U.S., the length of copyright protection for a certain property depends on various elements. Generally, for works published or registered before 1978, the term lasts 95 years. For works created after this date, protection typically lasts for the author’s life plus 70 years.

“The public domain doesn’t represent the death of copyright,” said Jenkins. “It’s just the second part of copyright’s life cycle.”

What’s entering the public domain in 2026?

2026 will be another exciting year for the public domain with works from 1930 losing their copyright. Protection will run out for the earliest versions of Betty Boop, Mickey Mouse’s dog Pluto and his friend Clarabelle Cow, teen detective Nancy Drew, M.C. Escher’s “The Bridge,” Agatha Christie’s Miss Marple and more.

contributed to this report.

Leo Rocha

Leo Rocha is a digital producer for CBSNews.com. Leo has previously written for outlets including VICE, HuffPost and Mic. He covers general and trending news, often focusing on social issues and entertainment.

Five Canadian news media companies filed a legal action on Friday against ChatGPT owner OpenAI, accusing the artificial-intelligence company of regularly breaching copyright and online terms of use.

The case is part of a wave of lawsuits against OpenAI and other tech companies by authors, visual artists, music publishers and other copyright owners over data used to train generative AI systems. Microsoft is OpenAI’s major backer.

In a statement, Torstar, Postmedia, The Globe and Mail, The Canadian Press, and CBC/Radio-Canada said OpenAI was scraping large swaths of content to develop its products without getting permission or compensating content owners.

“Journalism is in the public interest. OpenAI using other companies’ journalism for their own commercial gain is not. It’s illegal,” they said.

A New York federal judge dismissed a lawsuit on Nov. 7 against OpenAI that claimed it misused articles from news outlets Raw Story and AlterNet.

In an 84-page statement of claim filed in Ontario’s superior court of justice, the five Canadian companies demanded damages from OpenAI and a permanent injunction preventing it from using their material without consent.

“Rather than seek to obtain the information legally, OpenAI has elected to brazenly misappropriate the News Media Companies’ valuable intellectual property and convert it for its own uses, including commercial uses, without consent or consideration,” they said in the filing.

“The News Media Companies have never received from OpenAI any form of consideration, including payment, in exchange for OpenAI’s use of their Works.”

In response, OpenAI said its models were trained on publicly available data, grounded in fair use and related international copyright principles that were fair for creators.

“We collaborate closely with news publishers, including in the display, attribution and links to their content in ChatGPT search, and offer them easy ways to opt out should they so desire,” a spokesperson said via email.

The Canadian news companies’ document did not mention Microsoft. This month, billionaire Elon Musk expanded a lawsuit against OpenAI to include Microsoft, alleging the two companies illegally sought to monopolize the market for generative AI and sideline competitors.

© Thomson Reuters 2024